Angels in America Homework: 2/28

Today, we went over the presentations that groups prepared. If you did not present today or if you were absent for any of the three days that this project was constructed and presented (Monday, Tuesday, and/or Wednesday), you are responsible for writing a brief paragraph (200-250 words) on the topic you were assigned to present on. If you were not assigned a topic, you may choose one freely from any of the four topics listed in the previous post.

The homework for tomorrow (Thursday, March 1st) is to read scenes one and two of Angels in America. Class will begin with a brief (2-3 question) reading quiz.

Angels in America Pre-Unit Presentation

Below are the sources you will be working with based on what your assigned topic is.

Topic One: Roy Cohn
        Starting at 19:32, ending 23:19 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qAFar0RBmts
Read only “The biggest problem in Roy Cohn’s life…” to “mention the Holocaust” and “Cohn was rumored to have…” to “[his] anus.” https://www.thenation.com/article/king-cohn/

Topic Two: Reagan and AIDS
https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2015/11/reagan-administration-response-to-aids-crisis
https://www.sfgate.com/opinion/openforum/article/Reagan-s-AIDS-Legacy-Silence-equals-death-2751030.php

Topic Three: Public Perception of AIDS
https://www.cnn.com/2016/04/14/health/aids-atlanta-emory-university-the-80s/index.html
http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/05/25/edmund.white.hiv.aids/index.html

Topic Four: Tony Kushner
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tony-Kushner
https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2017/may/14/tony-kushner-interview-angels-in-america-to-love-someone-recognise-life-not-eternal-national-theatre

Below is a copy of the rubric you were given in class. Presentations will be happening tomorrow, and should be in Google Slides for ease of access.

	1	2	3	4	5
Organization	The organization of the presentation actively impedes understanding.	Slides usually do not serve a clear and distinct purpose. Information is usually presented in an unclear or illogical way. Flow is not present.	Some slides serve a clear and distinct purpose. Information is sometimes presented in a clear and logical way, and may have flow throughout the presentation.	Each slide mostly serves a clear and distinct purpose. Information is mostly presented in a clear and logical way, and may have flow throughout the presentation.	Each slide serves a clear and distinct purpose. Information is presented in a clear and logical way that creates flow throughout the presentation.
Thoroughness	The presentation does not present information from the provided sources.	The presentation mostly does not show a sense of the most important information to present, and does not include specific details to provide a deeper explanation.	The presentation somewhat shows a sense of the most important information to present, and sometimes includes specific details to provide a deeper explanation.	The presentation mostly shows a clear sense of the most important information to present, and includes specific details to provide a somewhat deeper explanation.	The presentation demonstrates a clear sense of the most important information to present, and includes smaller, specific details where appropriate to provide a depth of explanation.
Project Specifications	The presentation meets one of the three specific requirements.		The presentation meets two of the three specific requirements.		The presentation is three to four minutes, includes at least four slides, and includes at least two images.

Final Score: ______ / 15

Thursday Friday February 8/ 9 "Spoon River Anthology"

Learning Targets: I can cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text, including determining where the text leaves matters uncertain.
I can determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone.

I can demonstrate knowledge of eighteenth-, nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century foundational works of American literature, including how two or more texts from the same period treat similar themes or topics.

I can write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, well-chosen details, and well-structured event sequences.

Coming up: Wednesday, February 14 vocabulary quiz (handout / another copy below)
In class: Character analysis of 5 poems of your choice. Note that you will turn in 5 sheets, one for each character. (class handout / copy below)

Name_______________________________________

Choose five of the poems that appeal to you and complete a CHARACTER ANALYSIS worksheet for each.

Character Analysis for Spoon River Anthology

You will need to complete five character analysis forms.  Keep in mind that these people lived close to one hundred and fifty years ago. Remember to justify all your answers with text.

Character’s name_______________________________ page number________________

Once you read poem, list any words with which you are unfamiliar and define.

Unfamiliar words:

1. ___________________________  2. ____________________   3._______________________________4._____________________________

5. ______________________________6.__________________________

                       

1.       In a minimum of thirty words, summarize the life of the character on the epitaph. From the text include any physical descriptors, relationships and other themes, such as revenge, injustice or justice, religion and jealousy.  Were they disillusioned, disappointed? Were their secrets taken to the grave?

2.       In a couple of well-written sentences reflect on how this individual is reflective on someone from a small town at the beginning of the 20^th century? (Draw on your own knowledge: historical, social (gender, economics and political.)

There are lots of poems, so skip around and browse. I know how everyone likes to work with a neighbor, but in this case, you may not have any of the same ones as the person sitting next to you.  Note that language conventions- capitalization, punctuation and spelling count. No “I think”, no “wanna / gonna”. Weave in bits of text; just put them in quotations.

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Vocabulary Figurative Language Terms.Quiz on Wednesday, February 14 Class handout / copy below

.Note: the first part of the quiz will be matching, as usual, whilst the the second part will require that you identify the type of figurative language device being used.

1   1. A simile is a figure of speech where two inherently different things are compared to one another using expressions like 'like' or 'as'

     2. A palindrome can be defined as a word or a phrase, which begins and finishes with the same letter.

3.  3. metaphors are linguistic symbols that convey a particular image. It is a figure of speech wherein an idea is given to provide clarity by comparing or associating it to another totally different idea.

4.   4. oxymoron is a figure of speech in which two contradictory or inappropriate terms are either put together or appear side by side.

5.    5. litotes is defined as 'an ironical understatement in which affirmative is expressed by the negation of the opposite'. In this figure of speech, the usages are intentional, ironical and provide emphasis to the words. This is mainly done through double negatives. To put it in simple terms, in litotes, instead of saying that something is attractive, you say that it is not unattractive.

6.       6.  A synecdoche is a  figure of speech where part of a sentence describes the entirety.

7.      7.  imagery  is vivid descriptions and comparisons with the help of sound words, helps recreate images and emotions. This device which needs to be aided with other figures of speech like similes, metaphors and personification etc. to effectively crop a picture within the minds eyes. Always remember, the key to good imagery is evoking all the senses. There are seven different kinds of imagery; visual (seeing),  auditory (hearing)  kinesthetic (muscle movement / body position), tactile (touching),  organic (personal experiences of a character's body, including emotion and the senses of hunger, thirst, fatigue, and pain), olfactory (smelling) and gustatory (tasting). 

8.       8.  An allusion is a brief reference, explicit or indirect to a person, place or event or to another literary work or passage.

9.       9. apostrophes are words spoken to a person or object which is inherently imaginary object or is an abstract idea.

1        10. personification is  when we associate a human quality or trait with a non-living object.

Wednesday, February 7 "Spoon River Anthology"

Essential question: How much truth does a grave stone tell?

Coming up: vocabulary quiz on figurative language terms Wednesday, February 14.  class handout / copy below

In class: vocabulary quiz: "The Outcasts 2; new vocabulary on literary terms (class handout / copy below) 

               Introducing: Spoon River Anthology. class handout; this is a substantial collection of poems. You may access the work on line at : Spoon River Anthology

Spoon River Anthology is a series of poems in free verse (poetry that does not rhyme or have a regular meter). In most of the poems, a deceased native of the fictional town of Spoon River delivers a monologue about his or her life or a specific incident in his or her life. These monologues are, in effect, epitaphs. 

Background

.......Dead men tell no tales. So says an ancient proverb. But 

in Spoon River Anthology dead men—and women—do tell 

tales. Speaking from the grave, more than two hundred forty

 deceased residents of a fictional Midwestern town, Spoon 

River, each present short monologues about their lives. They 

reveal their heartaches, disappointments, failures, and 

unfulfilled dreams. Sometimes they tell of the moral 

trespasses of themselves or of others. Occasionally, they tell 

of an incident that reveals the good or bad qualities of 

another person. 

The Introductory Poem

The Hill

Where are Elmer, Herman, Bert, Tom and Charley,
The weak of will, the strong of arm, the clown, the boozer, the fighter?
All, all are sleeping on the hill.

One passed in a fever,
One was burned in a mine,
One was killed in a brawl,
One died in a jail,
One fell from a bridge toiling for children and wife-
All, all are sleeping, sleeping, sleeping on the hill.

Where are Ella, Kate, Mag, Lizzie and Edith,
The tender heart, the simple soul, the loud, the proud, the happy one?--
All, all are sleeping on the hill.

One died in shameful child-birth,
One of a thwarted love,
One at the hands of a brute in a brothel,
One of a broken pride, in the search for heart's desire;
One after life in far-away London and Paris
Was brought to her little space by Ella and Kate and Mag--
All, all are sleeping, sleeping, sleeping on the hill.

Where are Uncle Isaac and Aunt Emily,
And old Towny Kincaid and Sevigne Houghton,
And Major Walker who had talked With venerable men of the revolution?--
All, all are sleeping on the hill.

They brought them dead sons from the war,
And daughters whom life had crushed,
And their children fatherless, crying--
All, all are sleeping, sleeping, sleeping on the hill.
Where is Old Fiddler Jones
Who played with life all his ninety years,
Braving the sleet with bared breast,
Drinking, rioting, thinking neither of wife nor kin,
Nor gold, nor love, nor heaven?
Lo! he babbles of the fish-frys of long ago,
Of the horse-races of long ago at Clary's Grove,
Of what Abe Lincoln said
One time at Springfield.

 Format: Free Verse.......Besides introducing characters in Spoon River Anthology, "The Hill" introduces the format, free verse. Free verse is poetry that ignores standard rules of meter in favor of the rhythms of ordinary conversation. In effect, free verse liberates poetry from conformity to rigid metrical rules that dictate stress patterns and the number of syllables per line.

Conversational Language

.......Except for a poem entitled "The Spooniad," the language in Spoon River Anthology is simple, conversational, and realistic, with plenty of local color and regional references—like the reference in "The Hill" to "the horse races long ago at Clary's Hill" (line 32). Many of the poems contain a figure of speech called anaphora. Anaphora is the repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses or sentences. 

                                    

Vocabulary Figurative Language Terms.Quiz on Wednesday, February 14 Class handout / copy below

.Note: the first part of the quiz will be matching, as usual, whilst the the second part will require that you identify the type of figurative language device being used.

1   1. A simile is a figure of speech where two inherently different things are compared to one another using expressions like 'like' or 'as'

     2. A palindrome can be defined as a word or a phrase, which begins and finishes with the same letter.

3.  3. metaphors are linguistic symbols that convey a particular image. It is a figure of speech wherein an idea is given to provide clarity by comparing or associating it to another totally different idea.

4.   4. oxymoron is a figure of speech in which two contradictory or inappropriate terms are either put together or appear side by side.

5.    5. litotes is defined as 'an ironical understatement in which affirmative is expressed by the negation of the opposite'. In this figure of speech, the usages are intentional, ironical and provide emphasis to the words. This is mainly done through double negatives. To put it in simple terms, in litotes, instead of saying that something is attractive, you say that it is not unattractive.

6.       6.  A synecdoche is a  figure of speech where part of a sentence describes the entirety.

7.      7.  imagery  is vivid descriptions and comparisons with the help of sound words, helps recreate images and emotions. This device which needs to be aided with other figures of speech like similes, metaphors and personification etc. to effectively crop a picture within the minds eyes. Always remember, the key to good imagery is evoking all the senses. There are seven different kinds of imagery; visual (seeing),  auditory (hearing)  kinesthetic (muscle movement / body position), tactile (touching),  organic (personal experiences of a character's body, including emotion and the senses of hunger, thirst, fatigue, and pain), olfactory (smelling) and gustatory (tasting). 

8.       8.  An allusion is a brief reference, explicit or indirect to a person, place or event or to another literary work or passage.

9.       9. apostrophes are words spoken to a person or object which is inherently imaginary object or is an abstract idea.

1        10. personification is  when we associate a human quality or trait with a non-living object.

Tuesday, February 6 "Outcasts Writing"

Coming up: vocabulary quiz  tomorrow: "Outcasts 2" Handed out last Thursday; another copy below)

Vocabulary vigilant to pour oil on trouble water

Note that there are 10 words and 2 idioms  Quiz on Wednesday, February 7

In class: yesterday, I shared with you your topic choices for Bret Harte's "The Outcasts of Poker Flat". Using your copy of the short story, respond to one of the following questions. Begin with an MLA heading. Make sure your response contains a clear thesis statement. Use only size 12 font and Times New Roman. Weave evidence into your response. Don't forget a concluding sentence.  Length: approximately 150 well-written words. Check for language conventions: spelling, capitalization and punctuation. 

Share: 2006630

1. If you had to choose one lesson from Bret Harte's "The Outcasts of Poker Flat" what would it be. Give specific evidence from the story to support your response.

2. How did the setting of Bret Harte's "The Outcasts of Poker Flat" impact character and plot development in the story. Support your response by weaving in text.

3. How does Harte's choice of point of view impact the story of "The Outcasts of Poker Flat"? Weave in specific examples into your response.

4. Who was the most admirable character in Bret Harte's "The Outcasts of Poker Flat"? Support your analysis with textual evidence.

5. Challenge question: Explain how Tom Simson and Piney Woods act a catalysts who bring out the best in the other characters. 

1..  vigilant-adjective- keeping careful watch for possible danger or difficulties; watchful, observant, attentive, alert  

                                                                         eagle-eyed, hawk-eyed

2.  adroit-adjective- clever or skillful in using the hands or mind; adept, dexterous, deft, nimble, able, capable

3.  to fabricate-verb- to invent or concoct (something), typically with deceitful intent;     falsify, fake, counterfeit

4.  pretext-noun- a reason given in justification of a course of action that is not the real reason.

5.  to gesticulate-verb- use gestures, especially dramatic ones, instead of speaking or to emphasize one's words.

6. to  badger- verb- to bother persistently

7. to  implore-verb- beg someone earnestly or desperately to do something.

8.  drudgery-noun- hard, menial, or dull work.

9.  interminable-adjective-endless (often used hyperbolically); never-ending, unending, nonstop, everlasting, ceaseless,

10.  to perceive-verb- to become aware or conscious of (something); come to realize or understand.

Idioms

11. a wet blanket-a person who spoils other people's fun by failing to join in with or by disapproving of their activities.

12.  to pour oil on troubled waters- try to settle a disagreement or dispute with words intended to placate or pacify those involved.

Monday, February 5 African American Cowboys / discussion "Outcasts"

A little bit of fun. Practice reading the following:

(why stress is a good thing!)

Coming up: vocabulary quiz on Wednesday, February 7 (handed out last Thursday / another copy below) On Tuesday, you will have a quick write on "The Outcasts of Poker Flat", where you will choose from one of the following questions:

1. If you had to choose one lesson from Bret Harte's "The Outcasts of Poker Flat" what would it be. Give specific evidence from the story to support your response.

2. How did the setting of Bret Harte's "The Outcasts of Poker Flat" impact character and plot development in the story. Support your response by weaving in text.

3. How does Harte's choice of point of view impact the story of "The Outcasts of Poker Flat"? Weave in specific examples into your response.

4. Who was the most admirable character in Bret Harte's "The Outcasts of Poker Flat"? Support your analysis with textual evidence.

5. Challenge question: Explain how Tom Simson and Piney Woods act as catalysts who bring out the best in the other characters. 

make sure to bring your copy of the short story

In class: please turn in your completed long graphic organizers from "The Outcasts of Poker Flat". Remember that this is a writing grade. I will accept it for full credit until the end of the day, after which it is late. Finishing up: the Role of Black Cowboys: African American Cowboys up to 4:43
And Roping as a Way of Life 2:30

Review / discussion of the choices for tomorrow's writing. Take out your copy of Bret Harte's "The Outcasts of Poker Flat"

Vocabulary vigilant to pour oil on trouble water

Note that there are 10 words and 2 idioms  Quiz on Wednesday, February 7

1..  vigilant-adjective- keeping careful watch for possible danger or difficulties; watchful, observant, attentive, alert  

                                                                         eagle-eyed, hawk-eyed

2.  adroit-adjective- clever or skillful in using the hands or mind; adept, dexterous, deft, nimble, able, capable

3.  to fabricate-verb- to invent or concoct (something), typically with deceitful intent;     falsify, fake, counterfeit

4.  pretext-noun- a reason given in justification of a course of action that is not the real reason.

5.  to gesticulate-verb- use gestures, especially dramatic ones, instead of speaking or to emphasize one's words.

6. to  badger- verb- to bother persistently

7. to  implore-verb- beg someone earnestly or desperately to do something.

8.  drudgery-noun- hard, menial, or dull work.

9.  interminable-adjective-endless (often used hyperbolically); never-ending, unending, nonstop, everlasting, ceaseless,

10.  to perceive-verb- to become aware or conscious of (something); come to realize or understand.

Idioms

11. a wet blanket-a person who spoils other people's fun by failing to join in with or by disapproving of their activities.

12.  to pour oil on troubled waters- try to settle a disagreement or dispute with words intended to placate or pacify those involved.

Thursday, February 1 "Outcasts" continued

The short story "The Outcasts of Poker Flat" by Brete Harte was made into a comic book and a film.

Learning Targets: I can cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text, including determining where the text leaves matters uncertain.
I can determine two or more themes or central ideas of a text and analyze their development over the course of the text, including how they interact and build on one another to produce a complex account; provide an objective summary of the text.
I can determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative and connotative meanings.

Coming up: your new completed organizers will be due on Monday.  We only have English III third period tomorrow; however, you are responsible for completing the work. 

In class:  Please turn in your short "Outcasts" graphic organizer; vocabulary quiz (promiscuous to turpitude); new vocabulary handout for quiz on Wednesday, February 7

               When you have finished the quiz, begin working  on your close-reading, extended graphic organizer.

               Take out your selection sheets, and I will sign them.

The Outcasts of Poker Flat by BretHart                         Name_____________________________________

Before reading the short story, please read the information below.

 Realists believed that humanity's freedom of choice was limited by the power of outside forces. Realism has specific social, political, and artistic characteristics that set it apart from other genres. Below are the salient* points about realism.  *most noticeable or important

Plot and Character

1.       Character is more important than action and plot; complex ethical* choices are often the subject. *relating to moral principles

2. Characters appear in the real complexity of temperament and motive; they are in an explicable relation to nature, to each other, to their social class, to their own past.
3. Humans control their destinies; characters act on their environment rather than simply reacting to it.
4. Reality renders reality closely and in comprehensive detail.  Selective presentation of reality with an emphasis on verisimilitude*, even at the expense of a well-made plot.                *the appearance of being true or real.                    
5. Events will usually be plausible*.     Realistic novels avoid the sensational and dramatic elements.   *seeming reasonable or probable.
6. Class is important; the novel has traditionally served the interests and aspirations of an insurgent middle class. *rising in active revolt.

7.       Realism is viewed as a realization of democracy.

8. The morality of Realism is reasonable or probable - intrinsic*(1), integral*(2), relativistic*(3). Relations between people and society are explored.                  * (1) belonging naturally; essential.  (2)  necessary to make a whole complete; essential or fundamental   (3)  conceptions of truth and moral values are not absolute but are relative to the persons or groups holding them.
9. Realists were pragmatic*, relativistic, democratic and experimental.  The purpose of writing is to instruct and to entertain.

                        *dealing with things sensibly and realistically

	As Mr. John Oakhurst, gambler, stepped into the main street of Poker Flat on the morning of the twenty-third of November, 1850, he was conscious of a change in its moral atmosphere since the preceding night. Two or three men, conversing earnestly together, ceased as he approached, and exchanged significant glances. There was a Sabbath lull in the air which, in a settlement unused to Sabbath influences, looked ominous.		ominous- giving the impression that something bad or unpleasant  is going to happen; threatening; inauspicious. 1.What words tell the reader this is a community where people do not regularly go to church? 2. What literary technique is best embodied With the word “ominous?”
	Mr. Oakhurst's calm, handsome face betrayed small concern in these indications. Whether he was conscious of any predisposing cause was another question. "I reckon they're after somebody," he reflected; "likely it's me." He returned to his pocket the handkerchief with which he had been whipping away the red dust of Poker Flat from his neat boots, and quietly discharged his mind of any further conjecture.		conjecture -opinion or conclusion formed on the basis of incomplete  information 1.       3. What words indicate that Mr. Oakhurst is a conscientious about how he presents himself?
	In point of fact, Poker Flat was "after somebody." It had lately suffered the loss of several thousand dollars, two valuable horses, and a prominent citizen. It was experiencing a spasm of virtuous reaction, quite as lawless and ungovernable as any of the acts that had provoked it. A secret committee had determined to rid the town of all improper persons. This was done permanently in regard of two men who were then hanging from the boughs of a sycamore in the gulch, and temporarily in the banishment of certain other objectionable characters. I regret to say that some of these were ladies. It is but due to the sex, however, to state that their impropriety   was professional, and it was only in such easily established standards of evil that Poker Flat ventured to sit in judgment.		spasm-a sudden involuntary muscular contraction impropriety- improper language, behavior, or character. 4. The author uses the technique of innuendo (insinuation or suggestion), rather than saying directly the women’s occupation.  What is their occupation? How is the town going to handle the situation? (Use specific text)
	Mr. Oakhurst was right in supposing that he was included in this category. A few of the committee had urged hanging him as a possible example, and a sure method of reimbursing themselves from his pockets of the sums he had won from them. "It's agin justice," said Jim Wheeler, "to let this yer young man from Roaring Camp--an entire stranger--carry away our money." But a crude sentiment of equity residing in the breasts of those who had been fortunate enough to win from Mr. Oakhurst overruled this narrower local prejudice.      Mr. Oakhurst received his sentence with philosophic calmness, none the less coolly that he was aware of the hesitation of his judges. He was too much of a gambler not to accept Fate. With him life was at best an uncertain game, and he recognized the usual percentage in favor of the dealer.		equity- fairness 5. Look at the list of salient points about realism above.  Write out one quality that is applicable to this paragraph.
	A body of armed men accompanied the deported wickedness of Poker Flat to the outskirts of the settlement. Besides Mr. Oakhurst, who was known to be a coolly desperate man, and for whose intimidation the armed escort was intended, the expatriated party consisted of a young woman familiarly known as the "Duchess"; another, who had won the title of "Mother Shipton"; and "Uncle Billy," a suspected sluice-robber and confirmed drunkard. The cavalcade provoked no comments from the spectators, nor was any word uttered by the escort. Only, when the gulch which marked the uttermost limit of Poker Flat was reached, the leader spoke briefly and to the point. The exiles were forbidden to return at the peril of their lives.		·         intimidation-the act of brow beating, scaring ·         expatriated-banished, exiled ·         cavalcade- parade 6. List the exiles. 1. 2. 3. 4. 7. What  will happen to the exiles if they return to  Poker Flat?
	As the escort disappeared, their pent-up feelings found vent in a few hysterical tears from the Duchess, some bad language from Mother Shipton, and a Parthian volley of expletives from Uncle Billy. The philosophic Oakhurst alone remained silent. He listened calmly to Mother Shipton's desire to cut somebody's heart out, to the repeated statements of the Duchess that she would die in the road, and to the alarming oaths that seemed to be bumped out of Uncle Billy as he rode forward. With the easy good humor characteristic of his class, he insisted upon exchanging his own riding horse, "Five Spot," for the sorry mule which the Duchess rode. But even this act did not draw the party into any closer sympathy. The young woman readjusted her somewhat draggled plumes with a feeble, faded coquetry; Mother Shipton eyed the possessor of "Five Spot" with malevolence, and Uncle Billy included the whole party in one sweeping anathema.		expletives- swearing malevolence-hatefulness plumes- feathers anathema-curse 8. Class is an important aspect of realism. To what class  do these characters belong?  Give three textual examples to support your statement. (They need not be  complete sentences.)
	The road to Sandy Bar--a camp that, not having as yet experienced the regenerating influences of Poker Flat, consequently seemed to offer some invitation to the emigrants--lay over a steep mountain range. It was distant a day's severe travel. In that advanced season, the party soon passed out of the moist, temperate regions of the foothills into the dry, cold, bracing air of the Sierras. The trail was narrow and difficult. At noon the Duchess, rolling out of her saddle upon the ground, declared her intention of going no farther, and the party halted.     The spot was singularly wild and impressive. A wooded amphitheater, surrounded on three sides by precipitous cliffs of naked granite, sloped gently toward the crest of another precipice that overlooked the valley. It was, undoubtedly, the most suitable spot for a camp, had camping been advisable. But Mr. Oakhurst knew that scarcely half the journey to Sandy Bar was accomplished, and the party were not equipped or provisioned for delay. This fact he pointed out to his companions curtly, with a philosophic commentary on the folly of "throwing up their hand before the game was played out." But they were furnished with liquor, which in this emergency stood them in place of food, fuel, rest, and prescience. In spite of his remonstrances, it was not long before they were more or less under its influence. Uncle Billy passed rapidly from a bellicose state into one of stupor, the Duchess became maudlin, and Mother Shipton snored. Mr. Oakhurst alone remained erect, leaning against a rock, calmly surveying them.		precipitous-very steep precipice-steep rock face or cliff remonstrance- a forcefully reproachful protest. maudlin- self-pityingly or tearfully sentimental 9.To where was the group heading after leaving Poker Flat and why? (use text) 10.   10. Paraphrase Mr. Oakhurst’s “philosophic commentary on the folly of ‘throwing up their hand before the game was played out’”.
	Mr. Oakhurst did not drink. It interfered with a profession which required coolness, impassiveness, and presence of mind, and, in his own language, he "couldn't afford it." As he gazed at his recumbent fellow exiles, the loneliness begotten of his pariah trade, his habits of life, his very vices, for the first time seriously oppressed him. He bestirred himself in dusting his black clothes, washing his hands and face, and other acts characteristic of his studiously neat habits, and for a moment forgot his annoyance. The thought of deserting his weaker and more pitiable companions never perhaps occurred to him. Yet he could not help feeling the want of that excitement which, singularly enough, was most conducive to that calm equanimity for which he was notorious. He looked at the gloomy walls that rose a thousand feet sheer above the circling pines around him; at the sky, ominously clouded; at the valley below, already deepening into shadow. And, doing so, suddenly he heard his own name called.		recumbent- lying down pariah- outcast 11.   11.  Another aspect of realism is exploring ethical choices. What ethical consideration goes through Mr. Oakhurst’s  mind as he “looked at the gloomy walls that rose a thousand feet above the circling pines around him”? (use text)
	A horseman slowly ascended the trail. In the fresh, open face of the newcomer Mr. Oakhurst recognized Tom Simson, otherwise known as the "Innocent" of Sandy Bar. He had met him some months before over a "little game," and had, with perfect equanimity, won the entire fortune--amounting to some forty dollars--of that guileless youth. After the game was finished, Mr. Oakhurst drew the youthful speculator behind the door and thus addressed him: "Tommy, you're a good little man, but you can't gamble worth a cent. Don't try it over again." He then handed him his money back, pushed him gently from the room, and so made a devoted slave of Tom Simson.		equanimity-fairness guileless-innocent 12.   12.  Another important aspect of realism is the  idea of democracy. Consider this when answering  the following.  Why does Mr. Oakhurst hand back Tommy’s money?
	There was a remembrance of this in his boyish and enthusiastic greeting of Mr. Oakhurst. He had started, he said, to go to Poker Flat to seek his fortune. "Alone?" No, not exactly alone; in fact (a giggle), he had run away with Piney Woods. Didn't Mr. Oakhurst remember Piney? She that used to wait on the table at the Temperance House? They had been engaged a long time, but old Jake Woods had objected, and so they had run away, and were going to Poker Flat to be married, and here they were. And they were tired out, and how lucky it was they had found a place to camp and company. All this the Innocent delivered rapidly, while Piney, a stout, comely damsel of fifteen, emerged from behind the pine tree, where she had been blushing unseen, and rode to the side of her lover.		temperance- abstinence from alcoholic drink. 13.   13.  Name the two new characters that are  introduced.
	Mr. Oakhurst seldom troubled himself with sentiment, still less with propriety; but he had a vague idea that the situation was not fortunate. He retained, however, his presence of mind sufficiently to kick Uncle Billy, who was about to say something, and Uncle Billy was sober enough to recognize in Mr. Oakhurst's kick a superior power that would not bear trifling. He then endeavored to dissuade Tom Simson from delaying further,   but in vain. He even pointed out the fact that there was no provision, nor means of making a camp. But, unluckily, the Innocent met this objection by assuring the party that he was provided with an extra mule loaded with provisions and by the discovery of a rude attempt at a log house near the trail. "Piney can stay with Mrs. Oakhurst," said the Innocent, pointing to the Duchess, "and I can shift for myself."		propriety- the state conforming to conventionally accepted standards of behavior or morals. 14.   14.  What did the Innocent bring along and  what had he discovered? (use text)
	Nothing but Mr. Oakhurst's admonishing foot saved Uncle Billy from bursting into a roar of laughter. As it was, he felt compelled to retire up the canyon until he could recover his gravity. There he confided the joke to the tall pine trees, with many slaps of his leg, contortions of his face, and the usual profanity. But when he returned to the party, he found them seated by a fire--for the air had grown strangely chill and the sky overcast--in apparently amicable conversation. Piney was actually talking in an impulsive, girlish fashion to the Duchess, who was listening with an interest and animation she had not shown for many days. The Innocent was holding forth, apparently with equal effect, to Mr. Oakhurst and Mother Shipton, who was actually relaxing into amiability. "Is this yer a damned picnic?" said Uncle Billy with inward scorn as he surveyed the sylvan group, the glancing firelight, and the tethered animals in the foreground. Suddenly an idea mingled with the alcoholic fumes that disturbed his brain. It was apparently of a jocular nature, for he felt impelled to slap his leg again and cram his fist into his mouth.		to admonish-to reprimand gravity- seriousness profanity- swearing amiability-friendliness sylvan-woodland jocular- humorous
	As the shadows crept slowly up the mountain, a slight breeze rocked the tops of the pine trees, and moaned through their long and gloomy aisles. The ruined cabin, patched and covered with pine boughs, was set apart for the ladies. As the lovers parted, they unaffectedly exchanged a kiss, so honest and sincere that it might have been heard above the swaying pines. The frail Duchess and the malevolent Mother Shipton were probably too stunned to remark upon this last evidence of simplicity, and so turned without a word to the hut. The fire was replenished, the men lay down before the door, and in a few minutes were asleep. Mr. Oakhurst was a light sleeper. Toward morning he awoke benumbed and cold. As he stirred the dying fire, the wind, which was now blowing strongly, brought to his cheek that which caused the blood to leave it--snow!      He started to his feet with the intention of awakening the sleepers, for there was no time to lose. But turning to where Uncle Billy had been lying, he found him gone. A suspicion leaped to his brain and a curse to his lips. He ran to the spot where the mules had been tethered; they were no longer there. The tracks were already rapidly disappearing in the snow. The momentary excitement brought Mr. Oakhurst back to the fire with his usual calm. He did not waken the sleepers. The Innocent slumbered peacefully, with a smile on his good-humored, freckled face; the virgin Piney slept beside her frailer sisters as sweetly as though attended by celestial guardians; and Mr. Oakhurst, drawing his blanket over his shoulders, stroked his mustaches and waited for the dawn. It came slowly in a whirling mist of snowflakes that dazzled and confused the eye. What could be seen of the landscape appeared magically changed. He looked over the valley, and summed up the present and future in two words--"snowed in!"		celestial- heavenly 15.   15.  What has Uncle Billy done? 16.   16.  How has the landscape changed?
	A careful inventory of the provisions, which, fortunately for the party, had been stored within the hut and so escaped the felonious fingers of Uncle Billy, disclosed the fact that with care and prudence they might last ten days longer. "That is," said Mr. Oakhurst, sotto voce to the Innocent, "if you're willing to board us. If you ain't--and perhaps you'd better not--you can wait till Uncle Billy gets back with provisions." For some occult reason, Mr. Oakhurst could not bring himself to disclose Uncle Billy's rascality, and so offered the hypothesis that he had wandered from the camp and had accidentally stampeded the animals. He dropped a warning to the Duchess and Mother Shipton, who of course knew the facts of their associate's defection. "They'll find out the truth about us all when they find out anything," he added, significantly, "and there's no good frightening them now."      Tom Simson not only put all his worldly store at the disposal of Mr. Oakhurst, but seemed to enjoy the prospect of their enforced seclusion. "We'll have a good camp for a week, and then the snow'll melt, and we'll all go back together." The cheerful gaiety of the young man, and Mr. Oakhurst's calm, infected the others. The Innocent with the aid of pine boughs extemporized a thatch for the roofless cabin, and the Duchess directed Piney in the rearrangement of the interior with a taste and tact that opened the blue eyes of that provincial maiden to their fullest extent. "I reckon now you're used to fine things at Poker Flat," said Piney. The Duchess turned away sharply to conceal something that reddened her cheeks through its professional tint, and Mother Shipton requested Piney not to "chatter." But when Mr. Oakhurst returned from a weary search for the trail, he heard the sound of happy laughter echoed from the rocks. He stopped in some alarm, and his thoughts first naturally reverted to the whisky, which he had prudently cached. "And yet it don't somehow sound like whisky," said the gambler. It was not until he caught sight of the blazing fire through the still-blinding storm and the group around it that he settled to the conviction that it was "square fun."		felonious- criminal sotto voce- low voice rascality- trickery to extemporize-to put together without much preparation 17.   17.  For how many days does the party have provisions?
	Whether Mr. Oakhurst had cached his cards with the whisky as something debarred the free access of the community, I cannot say. It was certain that, in Mother Shipton's words, he "didn't say cards once" during that evening. Haply the time was beguiled by an accordion, produced somewhat ostentatiously by Tom Simson from his pack. Notwithstanding some difficulties attending the manipulation of this instrument, Piney Woods managed to pluck several reluctant melodies from its keys, to an accompaniment by the Innocent on a pair of bone castanets. But the crowning festivity of the evening was reached in a rude camp-meeting hymn, which the lovers, joining hands, sang with great earnestness and vociferation. I fear that a certain defiant tone and Covenanter's swing to its chorus, rather than any devotional quality, caused it speedily to infect the others, who at last joined in the refrain: "I'm proud to live in the service of the Lord, And I'm bound to die in His army." The pines rocked, the storm eddied and whirled above the miserable group, and the flames of their altar leaped heavenward as if in token of the vow. At midnight the storm abated, the rolling clouds parted, and the stars glittered keenly above the sleeping camp. Mr. Oakhurst, whose professional habits had enabled him to live on the smallest possible amount of sleep, in dividing the watch with Tom Simson somehow managed to take upon himself the greater part of that duty. He excused himself to the Innocent by saying that he had "often been a week without sleep." "Doing what?" asked Tom. "Poker!" replied Oakhurst, sententiously; "when a man gets a streak of luck,—nigger luck—he don't get tired. The luck gives in first. Luck," continued the gambler, reflectively, "is a mighty queer thing. All you know about it for certain is that it's bound to change. And it's finding out when it's going to change that makes you. We've had a streak of bad luck since we left Poker Flat—you come along, and slap you get into it, too. If you can hold your cards right along you're all right. For," added the gambler, with cheerful irrelevance, "'I'm proud to live in the service of the Lord, And I'm bound to die in His army.'"		To beguile-to charm or enchant sententiously- with feeling 18.   18.  How did the snowed-in party pass the  Ti          time? 19.    19. What is Mr. Oakhurst’s attitude toward luck? (use text)
	The pines rocked, the storm eddied and whirled above the miserable group, and the flames of their altar leaped heavenward as if in token of the vow. At midnight the storm abated, the rolling clouds parted, and the stars glittered keenly above the sleeping camp. Mr. Oakhurst, whose professional habits had enabled him to live on the smallest possible amount of sleep, in dividing the watch with Tom Simson somehow managed to take upon himself the greater part of that duty. He excused himself to the Innocent by saying that he had "often been a week without sleep." "Doing what?" asked Tom. "Poker!" replied Oakhurst, sententiously; "when a man gets a streak of luck, he don't get tired. The luck gives in first. Luck," continued the gambler, reflectively, "is a mighty queer thing. All you   know about it for certain is that it's bound to change. And it's finding out when it's going to change that makes you. We've had a streak of bad luck since we left Poker Flat—you come along, and slap you get into it, too. If you can hold your cards right along you're all right. For," added the gambler, with cheerful irrelevance, "'I'm proud to live in the service of the Lord, And I'm bound to die in His army.'" The third day came, and the sun, looking through the white-curtained valley, saw the outcasts divide their slowly decreasing store of provisions for the morning meal. It was one of the peculiarities of that mountain climate that its rays diffused a kindly warmth over the wintry landscape, as if in regretful commiseration of the past. But it revealed drift on drift of snow piled high around the hut—a hopeless, uncharted, trackless sea of white lying below the rocky shores to which the castaways still clung. Through the marvelously clear air the smoke of the pastoral village of Poker Flat rose miles away. Mother Shipton saw it, and from a remote pinnacle of her rocky fastness hurled in that direction a final malediction. It was her last vituperative attempt, and perhaps for that reason was invested with a certain degree of sublimity. It did her good, she privately informed the Duchess. "Just you go out there and cuss, and see." She then set herself to the task of amusing "the child," as she and the Duchess were pleased to call Piney. Piney was no chicken, but it was a soothing and original theory of the pair thus to account for the fact that she didn't swear and wasn't improper. When night crept up again through the gorges, the reedy notes of the accordion rose and fell in fitful spasms and long-drawn gasps by the flickering campfire. But music failed to fill entirely the aching void left by insufficient food, and a new diversion was proposed by Piney—storytelling. Neither Mr. Oakhurst nor his female companions caring to relate their personal experiences, this plan would have failed too but for the Innocent. Some months before he had chanced upon a stray copy of Mr. Pope's ingenious translation of the ILIAD. He now proposed to narrate the principal incidents of that poem—having thoroughly mastered the argument and fairly forgotten the words—in the current vernacular of Sandy Bar. And so for the rest of that night the Homeric demigods again walked the earth. Trojan bully and wily Greek wrestled in the winds, and the great pines in the canyon seemed to bow to the wrath of the son of Peleus. Mr. Oakhurst listened with quiet satisfaction. Most especially was he interested in the fate of "Ash-heels," as the Innocent persisted in denominating the "swift-footed Achilles."		to abate- to stop vernacular- common language malediction- curse vituperative-bitter and abusive wrath- anger 20.    20. What is the relationship developing among the women? (Incorporate text) 21.How does Oakhurst telling the story of the Illiad in the vernacular indicate that the story is an example of realism?
	So with small food and much of Homer and the accordion, a week passed over the heads of the outcasts. The sun again forsook them, and again from leaden skies the snowflakes were sifted over the land. Day by day closer around them drew the snowy circle, until at last they looked from their prison over drifted walls of dazzling white that towered twenty feet above their heads. It became more and more difficult to replenish their fires, even from the fallen trees beside them, now half-hidden in the drifts. And yet no one complained. The lovers turned from the dreary prospect and looked into each other's eyes, and were happy. Mr. Oakhurst settled himself coolly to the losing game before him. The Duchess, more cheerful than she had been, assumed the care of Piney. Only Mother Shipton—once the strongest of the party—seemed to sicken and fade. At midnight on the tenth day she called Oakhurst to her side. "I'm going," she said, in a voice of querulous weakness, "but don't say anything about it. Don't waken the kids. Take the bundle from under my head and open it." Mr. Oakhurst did so. It contained Mother Shipton's rations for the last week, untouched. "Give 'em to the child," she said, pointing to the sleeping Piney. "You've starved yourself," said the gambler. "That's what they call it," said the woman, querulously, as she lay down again and, turning her face to the wall, passed quietly away. The accordion and the bones were put aside that day, and Homer was forgotten. When the body of Mother Shipton had been committed to the snow, Mr. Oakhurst took the Innocent aside, and showed him a pair of snowshoes, which he had fashioned from the old pack saddle. "There's one chance in a hundred to save her yet," he said, pointing to Piney; "but it's there," he added, pointing toward Poker Flat. "If you can reach there in two days she's safe." "And you?" asked Tom Simson. "I'll stay here," was the curt reply.	querulous-shaking 22.   22. What is happening to Mother Shipton? (use text) querulously – shaking curt- short and to the point 23.  22.  How do her actions in terms of rations relate to Realism? (look at the list)
The lovers parted with a long embrace. "You are not going, too?" said the Duchess as she saw Mr. Oakhurst apparently waiting to accompany him. "As far as the canyon," he replied. He turned suddenly, and kissed the Duchess, leaving her pallid face aflame and her trembling limbs rigid with amazement. Night came, but not Mr. Oakhurst. It brought the storm again and the whirling snow. Then the Duchess, feeding the fire, found that someone had quietly piled beside the hut enough fuel to last a few days longer. The tears rose to her eyes, but she hid them from Piney. The women slept but little. In the morning, looking into each other's faces, they read their fate. Neither spoke; but Piney, accepting the position of the stronger, drew near and placed her arm around the Duchess's waist. They kept this attitude for the rest of the day. That night the storm reached its greatest fury, and, rending asunder the protecting pines, invaded the very hut. Toward morning they found themselves unable to feed the fire, which gradually died away. As the embers slowly blackened, the Duchess crept closer to Piney, and broke the silence of many hours: "Piney, can you pray?" "No, dear," said Piney, simply. The Duchess, without knowing exactly why, felt relieved, and, putting her head upon Piney's shoulder, spoke no more. And so reclining, the younger and purer pillowing the head of her soiled sister upon her virgin breast, they fell asleep. The wind lulled as if it feared to waken them. Feathery drifts of snow, shaken from the long pine boughs, flew like white-winged birds, and settled about them as they slept. The moon through the rifted clouds looked down upon what had been the camp. But all human stain, all trace of earthly travail, was hidden beneath the spotless mantle mercifully flung from above. They slept all that day and the next, nor did they waken when voices and footsteps broke the silence of the camp. And when pitying fingers brushed the snow from their wan faces, you could scarcely have told from the equal peace that dwelt upon them which was she that had sinned. Even the law of Poker Flat recognized this,   and turned away, leaving them still locked in each other's arms. But at the head of the gulch, on one of the largest pine trees, they found the deuce of clubs pinned to the bark with a bowie knife. It bore the following, written in pencil, in a firm hand:               BENEATH THIS TREE                LIES THE BODY                      OF                JOHN OAKHURST,          WHO STRUCK A STREAK OF BAD LUCK           ON THE 23D OF NOVEMBER, 1850,                     AND              HANDED IN HIS CHECKS           ON THE 7TH DECEMBER, 1850. And pulseless and cold, with a Derringer by his side and a bullet in his heart, though still calm as in life, beneath the snow lay he who was at once the strongest and yet the weakest of the outcasts of Poker Flat.		to render asunder- to tear apart wan- pale 24.   23. Why did Mr. Oakhurst turn “suddenly and kiss the Duchess”? 25.   24.  What happened to Mr. Oakhurst? (use text) 26.25.    In what way is Oakhurst a realist character?

Vocabulary vigilant to pour oil on trouble water

Note that there are 10 words and 2 idioms  Quiz on Wednesday, February 7

1..  vigilant-adjective- keeping careful watch for possible danger or difficulties; watchful, observant, attentive, alert  

                                                                         eagle-eyed, hawk-eyed

2.  adroit-adjective- clever or skillful in using the hands or mind; adept, dexterous, deft, nimble, able, capable

3.  to fabricate-verb- to invent or concoct (something), typically with deceitful intent;     falsify, fake, counterfeit

4.  pretext-noun- a reason given in justification of a course of action that is not the real reason.

5.  to gesticulate-verb- use gestures, especially dramatic ones, instead of speaking or to emphasize one's words.

6. to  badger- verb- to bother persistently

7. to  implore-verb- beg someone earnestly or desperately to do something.

8.  drudgery-noun- hard, menial, or dull work.

9.  interminable-adjective-endless (often used hyperbolically); never-ending, unending, nonstop, everlasting, ceaseless,

10.  to perceive-verb- to become aware or conscious of (something); come to realize or understand.

Idioms

11. a wet blanket-a person who spoils other people's fun by failing to join in with or by disapproving of their activities.

12.  to pour oil on troubled waters- try to settle a disagreement or dispute with words intended to placate or pacify those involved.